BIOGRAPHY PAGE
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D. AGUADO    M.CARCASSI    M.CARULLI    N.COSTE    A.DIABELLI    M.GIULIANI    L.LEGNANI    J.K.MERTZ    N.PAGANINI    A.PIAZZOLLA    G.SANZ    A.SEGOVIA    F.SOR    F.TARREGA    H.VILLA-LOBOS   









NO PICTURE DIONISIO AGUADO (1784-1859)

After studying the guitar for some twenty-five years, during which he wrote innumerable studies for the instrument, Aguado completed a guitar method at the age of forty. He becoame friendly with Sor, whose tone production and style of playing impresses him forcibly. According to Bone, the published works of Aguado, though not voluminous, proclaim his genius; his three Rondos Brilliantes are "gems of Beauty".

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MATTEO CARCASSI (1792-1853)

An important figure in the guitar world, Carcassi was regarded as a guitar virtuoso before he was twenty and eventually displaced Carulli in public favour, despite the latter's formidable reputation. He wrote innumerable solo's for the guitar, of which his ingenious transcriptions of popular operatic airs were the most effective, and his Complete Method for the Guitar was cited by Bone as one of the best of its kind.

Carcassi's Twenty-Five Studies extended the work of his celebrated Method; for he knew how to write effectively and brilliantly for the guitar, without regarding technique as an end in itself.
Few will dispute Bone's statement that Carcassi "Carried the resources of the instrument to
greater lengths than any guitarist before him."

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NO PICTURE FERDINANDO CARULLI (1770-1841)

This Neapolitan genius, a self-taught guitar virtuoso, was eminently successful on his European tour during which he displayed an effortless technique and accuracy of tone.

A prolific composer, credited with over four hundred compositions, Carulli also compiled a Method for Guitar-described by Bone as a work of great merit - and added two other valuable pioneer works to the academic library of the guitar: a manual of harmony and a series of exercises written specifically to improve the technique of song accompaniment on the guitar.

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NO PICTURE NAPOLEON COSTE (1806-1883)

Coste was eighteen when after twelve years' study he made his first appearance as a concert guitarist. Some four years later he was accepted as a duet partner by Sagrini, a renowned player.

By the time Coste was thirty-four he had absorbed much from his teacher (the great Fernando Sor) and many other active guitar virtuosi. His intensive study of all aspects of his chosen music resulted in a high award of his guitar works; a triumph he repeated sixteen years later with other compositions for the guitar.

Bone credis Coste with some sixty compositions "characterised by original charm and vigour". It is noteworthy that Sor's publishers chose Coste to revise his old teacher's Guitar Method for re-publication.

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ANTON DIABELLI (1781-1858)

After receiving considerable academic training as a musician, Diabelli began composing while still a teenager and learned much from Haydn and many other prominent musicians then in Vienna.

Diabelli, who was both guitarist and pianist, began to collaborate in public with Giuliani, who was then at the height of his fame as a guitar virtuoso. A prolific composer for the guitar, Diabelli also wrote a Method for it which he himself published.

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MAURO GIULIANI (1780-1840)

Another self-taught guitar virtuoso and composer described by Bone as "one of the most brilliant guitar virtuosi the world has known" Giuliani like his friend Diabelli benefited from friendship with many prominent musicians in Vienna during the early nineteenth century.

With three hundred guitar compositions to his credit - including some monumental concertos -
Giuliani proved how tastefully and effectively he wrote for the guitar his duets for violin and guitar, or flute and guitar, were said to be the choicest ever published for these instruments.

Although his practical method for guitar failed to attain the "astonishing popularity" of his duet writings, Giuliani's Grand Concerto for guitar and orchestra/quartet were pre-eminent in his day.

Giuliani was largely responsible for the introduction of the Terz  guitar  [a small-bodied. high pitched version of the guitar] for which he wrote many compositions and on which he played much in public.
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NO PICTURE LUIGI LEGNANI (1790-1877)

At the age of twenty-nine, Legnani was regarded as a guitar virtuoso and toured Europe at intervals for seven years before spending almost two years with Paganini, accompanying the legendary violinist on the guitar.

A composer of over 250 guitar works, Legnani also wrote a Method for the guitar.

Philip J. Bone in his book The Guitar & Mandolin mentions a report of Legnani's Madrid concert in 1842 when the Spanish musicologist Fuertes praised his "most remarkable agility of execution" and "tone of infinite depth and rare singing beauty, particularly in his cantabile on the bass strings."

Lagnani took an active interest in the design and manufacture of guitars and, from the age of sixty, spent most of his time as a guitar maker.

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NO PICTURE JOHANN KASPAR MERTZ (1806-1856)

Like many another self-taught guitarist, Mertz began at a very early age and also acquired considerable skill on several other instruments. At thirty-six he had completed a very successful concert tour of Europe and was much acclaimed as a guitar virtuoso.

Mertz, whose Concerto for solo guitar won him first prize in an important contest, was "a musician of rare attainment, a guitarist of the first order and a poetic writer for the instrument.........his original compositions, transcriptions and operatic arrangements are gems".
(P.J. Bone: The Guitar & Mandolin).


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NICOLO PAGANINI (1782-1840)

The fabulous Genoese violinist was also known to be intensely interested in the guitar, and studied it exclusively for three years from the age of nineteen. Although he did not play it professionally he attained virtuoso status comparable to that of Regondi.

Even after resuming his career as concert violinist he continued to compose and arrange music for solo guitar and violin; guitar, violin, and viola; and quartets for guitar, violin, viola and  'cello.

These works were spread over thirty years of his professional life, as if to prove his undiminished fondness for the instrument he played only for his private pleasure.
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NO PICTURE Astor PIAZZOLLA (1921-92)

Piazzolla, Astor (1921-92), Argentinian musician and composer. Astor Piazzolla introduced a distinctive, innovative style to the tango. The musical style known as the tango developed in the late 19th century in the barrios of Buenos Aires, Argentina, as a hybrid of Latin American and European musical traditions. The tango belonged to Argentina's immigrant dispossessed and indigenous poor. By the 1920s the tango had become the national music of Argentina and spread from the port city of Buenos Aires to European cities, where it gained a widespread following. Within a few decades its popularity had begun to wane, but Piazzolla, a composer with both an intense nationalistic loyalty and an unmistakably individualistic style, revived the tango by revolutionizing the form. Astor Piazzolla was born on March 11, 1921, in Mar del Plata, Argentina, near Buenos Aires. When he was still an infant his family moved to the Bronx, N.Y. Exposed to both classical music and jazz as a young person, Piazzolla began studying the bandoneon, a melancholic-sounding relative of the accordion, which was the lead instrument of tango ensembles and gave the music its characteristic passionate and yearning flavor. Even as a teenager, Piazzolla displayed such virtuosity with the instrument that Carlos Gardel, the legendary tango vocalist, requested him as an accompanist. In his mid-20s Piazzolla returned to Argentina and decided to devote himself entirely to music. He joined the band of Anibal Troilo, an accomplished bandoneon player who expanded the earlier, smaller tango orchestra. Piazzolla played with the group for eight years while he established himself as an excellent bandoneon player and arranger. In 1944 he left Troilo's orchestra, formed a band of his own, and began studying classical composition with the Argentine composer Alberto Ginastera. Piazzolla spent some ten years under the tutelage of Ginastera, studying the formal structures of classical music by crafting symphonies, overtures, piano concerti, chamber music, and sonatas. During this period Piazzolla temporarily turned away from the tango. In 1953 Ginastera suggested Piazzolla enter a competition for young composers. Piazzolla agreed to enter one of his symphonic pieces. The composition took first place and won Piazzolla a scholarship to study in Paris with Nadia Boulanger, the renowned composition teacher. Boulanger instantly recognized Piazzolla's talent for classical composition, but she also sensed a lack of personal expression in his work. When she heard Piazzolla play a tango he had written, she knew that his gift for the tango had been the missing element in his scholarly compositions. She encouraged him to fuse his outside musical influences--jazz and classical music--with his native tango. Piazzolla then began to compose tangos that melded dance and concert musics. Upon his return to Buenos Aires, he formed his own band. The music they played was an innovative fusion of styles Piazzolla christened tango nuevo (new tango). His seminal group Quintetto Nuevo Tango (New Tango Quintet) formed in 1960; it was with this group that Piazzolla wrote one his most famous compositions, 'Adios Nonino'. Tango nuevo outraged aficionados of the old-style tango; however, Piazzolla's contributions revitalized the genre, the popularity of which was nearly extinct in Latin America and Europe, where rock and roll replaced more traditional music. Piazzolla's reworking of the tango introduced harmonies typical of such classical composers as Maurice Ravel, Olivier Messiaen, and Bela Bartok. Three-part fugues and jazz-style improvisations enlivened melodic lines, while underneath, Stravinsky-inspired syncopation blended with the tango's traditional pulsing rhythms. Piazzolla also incorporated a walking-bass line in some of his compositions. By the early 1980s, tango nuevo had enjoyed more than 20 years of popularity, and Piazzolla was at the height of his musical career. In Argentina his music had ushered in a new generation of tango composers and was featured in film scores, televisions, and commercials. The restructured New Tango Quintet (with Piazzolla on bandoneon, Pablo Zeigler on piano, Fernando Suarez Paz on violin, Heracio Malviciono on semi-acoustic guitar, and Hector Console on double bass) performed intense, creatively charged new tango nuevo works captured on two notable studio albums: Tango: Zero Hour, and La Camorra. In 1989 Piazzolla formed the New Tango Sextet, which incorporated an additional bandoneon. Piazzolla continued to compose and perform new works with the sextet until he suffered a severe stroke in August 1990. He died on July 5, 1992.

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NO PICTURE Andres SEGOVIA (1893-1987)

SEGOVIA, Andres (1893-1987). The major force in establishing the guitar as a serious concert instrument in the 20th century was Andres Segovia. Throughout his long life Segovia was dedicated to the literature and teaching of the guitar. He gave lessons and master classes and promoted the guitar to a respected place in music conservatories throughout the world. Segovia was born on Feb. 21, 1893, in Linares in the south of Spain. He studied piano and cello but disappointed his parents by teaching himself to play the guitar, at that time not considered suitable for serious study. He took courses at the Granada Musical Institute and gave his first concert in 1909. By 1916 he had performed in Madrid and Barcelona, and in 1919 he left for a tour of South America. Both his Paris debut in 1924 and his United States debut in 1928 were highly acclaimed. Segovia encouraged contemporary composers to write for the guitar and also transcribed more than 150 works composed for lute, harp, and violin by Francois Couperin, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Johann Sebastian Bach, and others. He recorded widely, including some of the works written for him by such composers as Paul Hindemith, Benjamin Britten, Francis Poulenc, Joaquin Turina, and Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco. His influence on an entire generation of guitarists and their training permanently changed the role of the instrument in classical music. Segovia won many honors and awards during his lifetime and enjoyed seeing the change that he had begun take root. His disciples include Julian Bream, John Williams, and Christopher Parkening. He died on June 2, 1987, in Madrid.

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NO PICTURE GASPAR SANZ (1628-1710?)
After devoting many years to the study of music, both as an organist and guitarist, Sanz wrote the most important book of instruction for the Spanish guitar of his era; it was published as early as 1674, when the instrument had only five strings.

Although it is impossible to assess the full extent of his guitar compositions, Sanz' contribution to the establishment of the guitar as a serious musical instrument was undoubtedly a valuable one.
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FERNANDO SOR (1778-1839)

Sor revealed considerable musical talent at an early age, having received a thorough grounding in harmony and composition by the time he was sixteen, and soon began to write songs, opera, ballets and symphonies. With such a background, his critical approach to the question of improving the tonal resources of his chosen instrument resulted in a collaboration with two of the best-known luthiers of his day, Panormo and Lacote, who advantageously incorporated many of Sor's suggestions on guitar structure. Sor produced a remarkably full and powerful tone and was perhaps the first to justify the claim that the guitar is a miniature orchestra.

In addition to an excellent Method for guitar Sor wrote many delightful solos. His most widely known arrangement Theme Varie (variations on a theme from  The Magic Flute) was first recorded by Segovia for HMV in 1928 and has long been a standard item in the concert repertoire.

John Williams' brilliant recording of Sor's twenty studies, edited by Segovia has become a collector's item.

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NO PICTURE FRANCISCE TARREGA (1852-1909)

Tarrega, Francisco (1852-1909), Spanish guitarist and composer. Largely because of his 80 original works and 120 transcriptions for the guitar, Tarrega is credited with the rebirth of the guitar in the 20th century. He began playing the guitar as a young child and studied classical guitar and piano, as well as music theory and harmony, at the Madrid Conservatory from 1874 to 1877. After teaching music for several years, Tarrega was able to devote himself full-time to his music because intermittent recital appearances in Paris and London had secured his reputation outside Spain. He toured throughout Spain and Italy from 1885 to 1903. His touring career was, however, cut short by the onset of paralysis in his right arm in 1906.

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NO PICTURE HEITOR VILLA-LOBOS (1887-1959)

VILLA-LOBOS, Heitor (1881-1959). One of the foremost Latin American composers of the 20th century, Heitor Villa-Lobos wrote operas, ballets, symphonies, concertos, symphonic suites, and solo pieces in a style that was influenced by J.S. Bach, French composers, and Richard Wagner. His style was also characterized by an original use of Brazilian percussion instruments and Brazilian rhythms. Heitor Villa-Lobos was born on March 5, 1887, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A cellist in his youth, he left home at the age of 18 because his widowed mother opposed a musical career. During years as a musical vagabond, he played popular music on the cello and guitar. Meanwhile, he began to absorb Brazilian folk music and incorporate it into his own works. He eventually returned to Rio, where his career received a vital boost with the publication in 1915 of some of his music. In 1919 Villa-Lobos met the renowned pianist Artur Rubinstein, who played Villa-Lobos' music throughout the world, bringing the composer increasing recognition. Villa-Lobos composed endlessly--about 2,000 works are credited to him. By the time of his first trip to Europe in 1923 he had compiled a long list of compositions in every form. In 1932 Villa-Lobos took charge of musical education throughout Brazil. He founded the Brazilian Academy of Music in 1945. For several years he traveled widely in the United States and Europe as an orchestra conductor. One of his most characteristic works is 'Bachianas brasileiras', a set of nine pieces for various instrumental and vocal groups in which a Bach-like contrapuntal technique is applied to themes of Brazilian origin. A similar series of 14 works is titled 'Choros', a Brazilian country dance. Villa-Lobos' 12 symphonies, written between 1920 and 1958, are mostly associated with historic events or places. The composer died in Rio de Janeiro on Nov. 17, 1959.

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Extracted from 200 years of Classical Guitar.
An Album of Classical Guitar music Published by Clifford Essex.

This page will be extended each month with prominent
Composers and Performers, so keep checking it out.